A New Explanation for the Existence of Universal Constants (G, h, H, ...) in the Universe 2025

If we scrutinise the universe and its constituents—such as solar systems, galaxies, and other cosmic structures—it becomes evident that the universe functions as a closed system, one that can even be considered isolated.

Within this system, fundamental parameters, including mass, the velocities of celestial objects, and their respective motion models, remain invariant. The geometric structure of this framework is characterised by closed curved trajectories, whose properties and quantities exhibit remarkable stability and uniformity.

To discern the underlying rationale for the existence of universal constants, it is essential to acknowledge that any variation in mass necessarily induces corresponding changes in force. Given that, within each of these closed systems, both mass and the conserved quantities associated with motion remain unaltered, the ratios among them must also be preserved—these ratios manifest as the fundamental constants governing the universe.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. "A new equation for calculating the energy of electromagnetic waves." The Physical Society of Japan 2024 Spring Meeting. 2024.

[2] Saleh, Gh. "New Calculation of the Angular Velocity and Rotational Radius of Photons in the Universe." Saleh Theory, 28 Jun. 2024, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-calculation-of-the-angular-velocity-and-rotational-radius-of-photons-in-the-universe

[3] Saleh, Gh. "Discovery of the Hundred-Year-Old Lost Mathematical and Physical Relationship Between the Classical Kinetic Energy of Photons and Planck's Everlasting Experimental Equation in the Universe (Planck-Saleh Energy Equation)." Saleh Theory, 28 Jun. 2024, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/discovery-of-the-hundred-year-old-lost-mathematical-and-physical-relationship-between-the-classical-kinetic-energy-of-photons-and-plancks-everlasting-experimental-equation-in-the-universe-planck-saleh-energy-equation

[4] Saleh, Gh. "Hubble's Law or the Rotational Speed of the Universe Calculation." APS Texas Sections Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[5] Saleh, Gh. "New Discoveries about Hubble's Law." Saleh Theory, 19 Aug. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-discoveries-about-hubbles-law

[6] Saleh, Gh. "New Proof to Confirm the Correct Law, Hubble's law, Using Physical and Mathematical Laws." APS New England Section Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[7] Saleh, Gh. "New Calculation of Frequency and Energy of Magnetic Fields With Scientific Experiment, Nature, and Its Structural Model." Saleh Theory, 23 Sep. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-calculation-of-frequency-and-energy-of-magnetic-fields-with-scientific-experiment-nature-and-its-structural-model

[8] Saleh, Gh. "A new calculation to obtain the radius of the habitable zone around the stars of the Universe." 54th Meeting of the Solar Physics Division. Vol. 55. No. 7. 2023.

[9] Saleh, Gh. "New Discoveries About the Speed of Electromagnetic Waves 2024 Part C." Saleh Theory, 6 Nov. 2023, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-discoveries-about-the-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves-2024-part-c

[10] Saleh, Gh. "Photon Could Have the Rest Mass." 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Power Engineering (AIPE). IEEE, 2023.

[11] Saleh, Gh, M. J. Faraji, and Asghar Dalili. "A new explanation for breaking the Light Speed Barrier based on the Hubble constant." APS New England Section Spring Meeting Abstracts. 2021.

[12] Saleh, Gh. "Photon has a Constant Rest Mass!." Saleh Theory, 16 Mar. 2018, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/photon-has-a-constant-rest-mass