10 Identical Characteristics in the Motion of Objects, From the Smallest (Photons) to the Largest (Galaxies)

1. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, are in motion.

2. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, revolve around an axis passing through their centre.

3. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, have invariably a constant value for the velocity of rotation about their axis.

4. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, have a closed curved path of motion.

5. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, are in motion along a closed path with a constant path length.

6. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, maintain a constant average tangential speed within their closed curved paths.

7. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, invariably possess a constant rest-mass.

8. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, exhibit helical motion and whenever there are "n" different paths of motion, there will be "n-1" helical paths.

9. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, have a consistently constant value of kinetic energy.

10. All objects, from the smallest to the largest, are governed by the same physical laws and relationships, and it is always possible to calculate the value of their dimensional parameters.

References:

[1] Brandwein, Paul Franz, et al. "You and science: Science for better living." Harcourt, Brace and Company (1960), p. 172

[2] Saleh, Gh. "10 Permanent, Constant and Common Principles of Motion Among the Smallest Particles (Photons, Electrons, etc.) and the Largest Objects (Moons, Planets, Stars, Black Holes, etc.) in the Universe." Saleh Theory, 11 May. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/10-permanent-constant-and-common-principles-of-motion-among-the-smallest-particles-photons-electrons-etc-and-the-largest-objects-moons-planets-stars-black-holes-etc-in-the-universe

[3] Saleh, Gh. "A New Proof of the Constancy of Photon Mass Using Its Initial Energy." Saleh Theory, 06 Mar. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-proof-of-the-constancy-of-photon-mass-using-its-initial-energy

[4] Saleh, Gh. "New Explanation for Different Types and Models of Helical Motion of Galaxies." EAS2024 (2024): 2163.

[5] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Repeating Nested Helical Path of Motion; from the Smallest Particles of Existence, Photons, to Moons, Planets, Stars, Galaxies, etc.!." APS April Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2024. 2024.

[6] Saleh, Gh. " The Five Fundamental Principles Common to the Motion of Objects From the Smallest (Photon) to the Largest (Galaxy) in the Universe." Saleh Theory, 24 Apr. 2024, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/the-five-fundamental-principles-common-to-the-motion-of-objects-from-the-smallest-photon-to-the-largest-galaxy-in-the-universe

[7] Saleh, Gh. "A New Explanation for the Motion of Photon; The Nested Helical Motion." APS New England Section Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[8] Saleh, Gh. "Proving the Helical Motion of the Photon With Ten Reasons." APS New England Section Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[9] Saleh, Gh. "The Helical Motion of Photons; The Proof of Wave-Particle Duality of Photons." APS Meeting Abstracts. 2023.

[10] Saleh, Gh. "Photon Could Have the Rest Mass." 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Power Engineering (AIPE). IEEE, 2023.

[11] Saleh, Gh. "Proving the rotational motion of the photon using the photon energy equation." APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2023. 2023.

[12] Saleh, Gh. "The invisible rotational motions of the universe, the solution for the problem of the accelerating expansion." 11th International Conference on Engineering Mathematics and Physics (ICEMP 2022. 2022.

[13] Saleh, Gh. "10 Great Reasons for Helical Motion of Photon." APS Meeting Abstracts. 2022.

[14] Saleh, Gh, and Reza Alizadeh. "The possibility of rotational motion of nuclei in atoms." APS Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2020. 2020.

[15] Saleh, Gh, et al. "3 Dimensional Motion of Photon and Its Energy." EPJ Web of Conferences. Vol. 238. EDP Sciences, 2020.

[16] Saleh, Gh. "Photon has a Constant Rest Mass!." Saleh Theory, 16 Mar. 2018, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/photon-has-a-constant-rest-mass

[17] Saleh, Gh. "New Definition of Color Variety of Photons." Saleh Theory, 05 May. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-definition-of-color-variety-of-photons

[18] Saleh, Gh. "A Revolution in Light Theory." Saleh Theory, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-revolution-in-light-theory