Interesting Notes Concerning Fundamental Particles in the Universe 2026

1. Photons

Photons have constant rest mass, constant linear speed, constant wave-like speed, constant helical speed and as a consequence, their kinetic energy is likewise constant.

2. Electrons

Electrons are composed of photons — approximately fifty to sixty thousand in number. The speed of an electron's motion is close to that of photons. Its mass is constant, and its kinetic energy remains constant all the time.

3. Protons

A proton is composed of approximately one hundred million photons. It constitutes a dense, compact structure of considerable solidity which rotates about an axis passing through itself at the speed of photons, and both its mass and speed are constant. Its kinetic energy may accordingly be held to be constant.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. " Simple Explanation of the Formation of Primordial Particles (Sub-photons, Photons, Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms)." Saleh Theory, 13 May. 2026, https://saleh-theory.com/article/simple-explanation-of-the-formation-of-primordial-particles-sub-photons-photons-electrons-protons-neutrons-and-atoms

[2] Saleh, Gh. The Reform Book: A Revolution in Modern Physics. Vol. 1, Saleh Research Centre, 2026, saleh-theory.com/files/article/pdf/the-reform-book-a-revolution-in-modern-physics-2026.pdf

[3] Saleh, Gh. " Everything About Photons (the Atom of Sub-atomic Particles, Superstring, Basic of Quantum, etc.) in the Universe." Saleh Theory, 16 Aug 2025, https://saleh-theory.com/article/everything-about-photons-the-atom-of-sub-atomic-particles-superstring-basic-of-quantum-etc-in-the-universe

[4] Saleh, Gh, et al. "Superstring Theory & The Structure of Electron, Proton and Neutron." APS Division of Nuclear Physics Meeting Abstracts. 2020.