Mass as a Primary and Time as a Dependent Parameter in Physical Systems: 7 Supporting Arguments

1. No tangible sensory perception of time

Mass is an objective entity that can be perceived and measured by our five senses. However, the passage of time relies on human definition and perception, and our understanding of its flow can differ greatly in various situations.

2. Observable changes, creation, or destruction of mass

We can easily measure the decrease, increase, or any other change in mass. But imagine a world where no mass ever changed. It would be impossible to tell if time had passed or if everything remained static. Therefore, changes in time are dependent on the existence of changes in mass.

3. Existence of different states (Liquid, Solid, Gas) and properties (Density, Stiffness, Hardness, etc.) for mass, and their absence for time

Mass can be investigated from various angles; its different physical states and properties can be examined, and it can even be manipulated and transformed from one state to another. Time, however, is merely a counter that we've defined, passing uniformly and continuously.

4. Practical physical utilities for mass and their absence for time

Mass is reactive and influential in the universe. For instance, it can describe displacement, velocity, acceleration, and so on. It can also transmit force and energy. Time, however, is just a dependent, defined parameter.

5. Time is definable if mass exists, but loses its true meaning if no mass is present

The dependence of time on mass is so profound that if no mass existed in the universe, time would lose its essence and meaning. The concept and existence of mass, however, are entirely independent and not reliant on the passage of time.

6. Mass can be the origin of changes in the universe, whereas time lacks this property

Changes in mass have significant effects on other physical parameters like energy, momentum, etc. However, assuming no changes in mass, changes in time would have no effect on other parameters.

7. The emergence of contradictions in classical physics

Not considering time as dependent parameter has led to it being regarded as a dimension, giving rise to theories in physics. This, in turn, has created limitations and contradictions between the tangible and accurate Newtonian physics and such theories.

References:

[1] Saleh, Gh. " A New Explanation for the Existence of Ultimate Limits of Space, Mass, Time, and Speed in the Universe." Saleh Theory, 14 Jun. 2025, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/a-new-explanation-for-the-existence-of-ultimate-limits-of-space-mass-time-and-speed-in-the-universe

[2] Saleh, Gh. "New Points about Time and Space." APS April Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2023. 2023.

[3] Saleh, Gh. "New Discoveries About Gravity?!!! 2." Saleh Theory, 12 Dec. 2021, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-discoveries-about-gravity-2

[4] Saleh, Gh. "New Discoveries About Gravity?!!!." Saleh Theory, 07 Nov. 2021, https://www.saleh-theory.com/article/new-discoveries-about-gravity